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Key Facts |
| Other names |
Nicholas Breakspear or Breakspeare, Sheakspeare |
| Born |
1100 |
| Location |
Hertfordshire, England |
| Bloodline |
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| Married |
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| Children |
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| Position |
Pope (1154-1159) |
| Died |
September, 1159 |
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Background |
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Adrian IV is the only Englishman who has occupied the papal chair. It is generally believed that Nicholas Breakspear was born at Abbots Langley in Hertfordshire and received his early education at the Abbey School, St Albans (St Albans School). |
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While he is traditionally pictured as wholly English, it is almost certainly his family belong to a noble French family of the Norman invaders that conquered England with William (1066-87). |
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His schooling was in Paris and later in 1137 became Abbot of St. Arles in France. Pope Eugene III (1145-1153) then made him a Cardinal Bishop of Albano. |
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From 1152 to 1154, Nicholas Breakspeare was involved in significant diplomatic posts for the Papacy, including being papal legate in Scandinavia and the oversight of new bishoprics in Norway. |
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He received great favour under Pope Anastasius IV (1153-1154) and less than 24 hours after the death of Anastasius on 3rd December 1514 was elected Pope on the 4th. |
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Immediately, he set about killing or exiling Arnold of Brescia, the leader of the anti-papal factions of Rome. Then in 1155, Adrian IV issued as papal interdict against the Rome itself- essentialy declaring martial law. |
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Also in 1155, Pope Adrian encouraged the invasion of Southern Italy by Byzantine Emperor Manuel Comnenus to oust the Sicilian normans. However, following a bitter guerilla war, the Byzantine army left Southern Italy in 1158. |
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Adrian IV during his reign issued a papal bull, Laudabiliter, granting dominion over Ireland to the English monarch, Henry II. The bull made Ireland a feudal possession of the King of England under the nominal overlordship of the papacy. The title the English King was to hold over Ireland was "Lord of Ireland". The theory of western Christendom was that certain states were recognised and others were not; Laudabiliter formally brought Ireland as a political entity into the European polity. |
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He died in September, 1159 and was succeeded by Pope Victor IV (1159-1164). |
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Most Evil Crimes |
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List of most evil crimes |
| Type |
Year |
Crime |
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1155 CE |
Of deliberate sale of stolen property (1155 CE) That in 1155, Pope Adrian IV issued a papal bull Laudabiliter giving the English King Henry II lordship over Ireland. That Pope Adrian IV did falsely claim ownership to Ireland, namely "There is indeed no doubt, as thy Highness doth also acknowledge, that Ireland and all other islands which Christ the Sun of Righteousness has illumined, and which have received the doctrines of the Christian faith, belong to the jurisdiction of St. Peter and of the holy Roman Church." That Henry invaded Ireland in 1171, using the papal bull to claim sovereignty over the island, and forced the Cambro-Norman warlords and some of the Gaelic Irish kings to accept him as their overlord. |
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Of receiving profits from crime (1172 CE) That England Monarchs did pay the Roman Catholic Church an annual fee for the “legal” and perpetual enslavement of Ireland by Papal Bull Laudabiliter until the time of Henry VIII. |
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